Welch, Hugh
Harris, Jessica
Pufulete, Maria
Dimagli, Arnaldo
Benedetto, Umberto
Maskell, Nick
Article History
Received: 11 May 2023
Accepted: 6 July 2023
First Online: 21 August 2023
Declarations
:
: Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data is not obtained directly from the patients but from hospital provider systems via the Secondary Uses Service (SUS) thus consent for anonymised data usage is not required. HES data was handled and analysed in accordance with NHS HES protocols. Ethical approval is not required for use of non-identifiable HES data. See HES analysis guide for full details: ExternalRef removed.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.