Namukoko, Harriet
Likwa, Rosemary Ndonyo
Hamoonga, Twaambo E.
Phiri, Million
Article History
Received: 6 July 2021
Accepted: 28 March 2022
First Online: 27 April 2022
Declarations
:
: The ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the University of Zambia Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (REF. 039-08-18), and the study approval was sought from National Health Research Authority. Permission to use the 2018 ZDHS dataset was granted by the Zambia Statistics Agency. Since the ZDHS dataset has no identifiers, there were no anticipated risks to participants because there was no direct contact. All protocols for 2018 ZDHS were approved by the Tropical Disease and Research Centre (TDRC) in Zambia and the Research Ethics Review Board of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta. The data collection for 2018 ZDHS was carried out in line with provisions in the study protocols. No data collection took place prior to obtaining informed consent. The informed consent/assent was read to all eligible individuals, and contained all of the information required to make an informed decision as to whether or not to participate. Consent was obtained from participants who were 18 years and older. For participants aged 15–17 years, permission was obtained from their parents or guardians before proceeding to get assent from the adolescent. In cases where the parent or guardian did not give permission to proceed, the adolescent was excluded from the survey.
: Not applicable.
: Data used in the study is publicly available on the DHS Program Website (ExternalRef removed). Other materials such as do-files can be provided upon request from the corresponding author (harrietnamukoko@yahoo.com).
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.