Document is current

Article History

Received: 7 September 2022

Accepted: 5 September 2023

First Online: 21 September 2023

Declarations

:

: The experimental protocols were established following the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the ethics committee of Pasteur Institute of Iran (IR.PII.REC.1398.060). Signed informed consent was obtained from all participants.

: Not applicable.

: All the authors agree to participate.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; JAK, janus kinase; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; NF-кB, Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; TIRAP, TIR domain-containing adaptor protein; IRAK, IL -1 receptor-associated kinase; RIP, receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2; NEMO, NF-kappa-B essential modulator; qPCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; ETEC, enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli; SP-ETEC, sonicated enterotoxigenic <i>E. coli</i>; SP-ST, sonicated <i>Salmonella typhi</i>; Lac/Bif, <i>Lactobacillus</i>/<i>Bifidobacterium</i> mixture; PL, first sonicated pathogen and then <i>Lactobacillus</i> spp.; PB, first pathogen and then <i>Bifidobacterium</i> spp.; PLB, first pathogen and then Lac/Bif; SD, Standard Deviation.