Funding for this research was provided by:
the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science through the RONPAKU program (R11820)
Article History
Received: 29 November 2019
Accepted: 23 July 2020
First Online: 3 August 2020
Ethics approval and consent to participate
: This study was approved by the Ethics Committees of Nagasaki University in Japan (approval number: 18061432), Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences in Tanzania, and the National Institute of Medical Research in Tanzania (approval number NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol. IX/2948). Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital approved the research proposal and agreed to allow the study to be conducted at the institution. Permission to conduct the study was granted by the Regional Medical Officer, district medical officers, and all health facilities that were involved. Confidentiality was guaranteed by ensuring the participants’ anonymity and obtaining written informed consent from all participants. Participation was voluntary, and withdrawal from the study was an option for respondents at any time.
: The study participants completed the questionnaire and submitted the completed questionnaire in the designated place after receiving verbal and written ethical explanations of the study’s purposes, methods, anonymous data collection and analysis processes, confidentiality, and publication. This research article does not include any individual participant data, such as images, videos, or voice recordings.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.