Ainsworth, Ben
Horwood, Jeremy http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7092-4960
Walter, Scott R.
Miller, Sascha
Chalder, Melanie
De Vocht, Frank
Denison-Day, James
Elwenspoek, Martha M. C.
Curtis, Helen J.
Bates, Chris
Mehrkar, Amir
Bacon, Seb
Goldacre, Ben
Walker, Alex J.
MacKenna, Brian
Inglesby, Peter
Morton, Caroline E.
Morley, Jessica
Hickman, George
Croker, Richard
Evans, David
Ward, Tom
DeVito, Nicholas J.
Fisher, Louis
Green, Amelia C. A.
Massey, Jon
Smith, Rebecca M.
Hulme, William J.
Davy, Simon
Andrews, Colm D.
Hopcroft, Lisa E. M.
Drysdale, Henry
Dillingham, Iain
Park, Robin Y.
Higgins, Rose
Cunningham, Christine
Wiedemann, Milan
Nab, Linda
Maude, Steven
Butler-Cole, Ben F. C.
O’Dwyer, Thomas
Stables, Catherine L.
Wood, Christopher
Brown, Andrew D.
Speed, Victoria
Bridges, Lucy
Schaffer, Andrea L.
Walters, Caroline E.
Rentsch, Christopher T.
Bhaskaran, Krishnan
Schultze, Anna
Williamson, Elizabeth J.
McDonald, Helen I.
Tomlinson, Laurie A.
Eggo, Rosalind M.
Wing, Kevin
Wong, Angel Y. S.
Tazare, John
Grint, Daniel J.
Langan, Sinead
Mansfield, Kathryn E.
Douglas, Ian J.
Evans, Stephen J. W.
Smeeth, Liam
Walker, Jemma L.
Mahalingasivam, Viyaasan
Cowling, Thomas E.
Herrett, Emily L.
Costello, Ruth E.
Zheng, Bang
Parker, Edward P. K.
Mathur, Rohini
Forbes, Harriet
Cockburn, Jonathan
Parry, John
Hester, Frank
Harper, Sam
Craggs, Pippa
Amlôt, Richard
Francis, Nick
Little, Paul
Macleod, John
Moore, Michael
Morton, Kate
Rice, Cathy
Sterne, Jonathan
Stuart, Beth
Towler, Lauren
Willcox, Merlin L.
Yardley, Lucy
,
Funding for this research was provided by:
UK Research and Innovation (CV220-009)
National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration West
UK Research and Innovation (MC_PC_20058)
Wellcome Trust (222097/Z/20/Z)
Medical Research Council (MR/V015737/1, MC_PC-20059, MR/W016729/1)
NIHR (NIHR135559, COV-LT2-0073)
Health Data Research UK (HDRUK2021.000, 2021.0157)
Article History
Received: 20 June 2023
Accepted: 15 November 2023
First Online: 4 December 2023
Declarations
:
: Provisional ethics approval was originally obtained from the NHS Health Research Authority, Yorkshire & The Humber—Leeds West Research Ethics Committee (20/YH/0261) on 14 August 2020, followed by full approval on 2 September 2020. Practices which supported the study by promoting the Germ Defence website did in doing so and have been deemed to have given implicit consent to participate. Individual patent consent was not required as the study required no deviation from usual care and clinical outcomes were assessed from anonymised routinely collected NHS patient record data. Consent was assumed from Germ Defence website usage and acknowledged in the website privacy policy.
: This research has been approved for publication by NHS England.
: B. G., H. J. C., S. B. and A. M. have received research funding from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, the NHS National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), the NIHR School of Primary Care Research, NHS England, the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, the Mohn-Westlake Foundation, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley, the Wellcome Trust, the Good Thinking Foundation, Health Data Research UK, the Health Foundation, the World Health Organisation, UKRI MRC, Asthma UK, the British Lung Foundation and the Longitudinal Health and Wellbeing strand of the National Core Studies programme. B. G. is a Nonexecutive Director at NHS Digital; he also receives personal income from speaking and writing for lay audiences on the misuse of science. C. B. is employed by TPP, UK. R. A. is an employee of the UK Health Security Agency. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.