Shakil, Husain
Malhotra, Armaan K.
Jaffe, Rachael H.
Smith, Christopher W.
Harrington, Erin M.
Wang, Alick P.
Yuan, Eva Y.
He, Yingshi
Ladha, Karim
Wijeysundera, Duminda N.
Nathens, Avery B.
Wilson, Jefferson R.
Witiw, Christopher D.
Funding for this research was provided by:
AOSpine North America
Article History
Received: 2 October 2023
Accepted: 8 November 2023
First Online: 18 November 2023
Declarations
:
: This study was approved by the Unity Health Toronto Research Ethics Board (REB #20–247). Only de-identified patient data were used, and the need to obtain individual participant informed consent was waived.
: Not applicable.
: Avery B. Nathens is the Medical Director, Trauma Quality Programs, American College of Surgeons. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.