Corell, Maria http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8591-0107
Friberg, Peter
Petzold, Max
Löfstedt, Petra http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6257-9244
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Gothenburg
Article History
Received: 28 August 2023
Accepted: 13 January 2024
First Online: 7 February 2024
Declarations
:
: This article uses data from the HBSC, which is an international study carried out in 50 countries and regions across Europe and Canada, in collaboration with WHO Europe. The Principal Investigators from each country obtained approval to conduct the HBSC survey from an ethic committee and/or a national data protection agency, when required by national regulations.
: In the HBSC study, informed consent was obtained: both parents and students received information about the purpose of the study, possible risks and benefits and that participation was voluntary. Parental consent was either active (written) or passive, dependent upon national ethics requirements. In the Nordic countries, parents who did not want their adolescents to participate were asked to inform the school to opt out (passive consent). The ethic committees or national data protection agencies in the Nordic countries did not require active parental consent, with the only exception of Norway in 2018, where active (written) consent was required. The students completed the questionnaire voluntarily during school hours. Before completing the questionnaire, students were received oral and written information about the purpose of the HBSC study, their full right to not fill in the questionnaire or some questions within the questionnaire and that their answers are treated confidentially. By completing the questionnaire, the students gave their assent to participate. The data was anonymized before it was used in this study. Permission to use the data was given by all Principal Investigators in the Nordic countries. More information on data collection procedures in each country can be obtained from the HBSC Data Management Centre, ExternalRef removed.
: Not applicable.
: The authors have declared that they have no competing interests.