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Article History

Received: 26 July 2019

Accepted: 11 November 2019

First Online: 27 November 2019

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: Ethical approval was sought and obtained from the UK Ministry of Defence Research Ethics Committee (ref: 535/MODREC/14). All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation.

: Not applicable.

: All authors are (partially) based at King’s College London which, for the purpose of other military-related studies, receives funding from the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD). S.A.M.S.’ salary was partially paid by the UK MoD. N.G. is the Royal College of Psychiatrists’ Lead for Military and Veterans’ Health, a trustee of Walking with the Wounded, and an independent director at the Forces in Mind Trust; however, he was not directed by these organisations in any way in relation to his contribution to this paper. NG is affiliated to the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response at King’s College London in partnership with Public Health England, in collaboration with the University of East Anglia and Newcastle University. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, the Department of Health and Social Care or UK MoD.