Huang, Yen-Hua
Owen-Smith, Norman
Henley, Michelle D.
Kilian, J. Werner
Kamath, Pauline L.
Ochai, Sunday O.
van Heerden, Henriette
Mfune, John K. E.
Getz, Wayne M.
Turner, Wendy C.
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (DEB-1816161/DEB-2106221)
Article History
Received: 2 July 2022
Accepted: 16 April 2023
First Online: 31 July 2023
Declarations
:
: The permission to conduct this research was granted by Namibian National Commission on Research, Science and Technology (authorization 2017070704) and South African National Parks (HAUY1616). The permission to conduct the research on elephants in the Kruger was granted by South African National Parks and the APNR (Project SS242). Ethical clearance protocols for animal capturing were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee from the University at Albany (16–016, 18 − 013, 18 − 014, 18 − 015 and 20 − 001), University of California, Berkeley (R217-0509B and R217-0511B) and Kruger National Park (EA-191020-AUCC-ETHICS).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.