Courtney, Matthew Gordon Ray http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3253-8353
Hernández-Torrano, Daniel
Karakus, Mehmet
Singh, Neha
Article History
Received: 18 May 2022
Accepted: 15 May 2023
First Online: 3 June 2023
Declarations
:
: All data was taken from the PISA 2018 cycle. Therefore, it was assumed that ethical approval was gained by the OECD for all participants.
: All contributing authors give consent for this paper to be published pending acceptance.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.