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Article History

Received: 3 July 2023

Accepted: 4 July 2023

First Online: 31 August 2023

Declarations

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: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: All participants in the guideline have submitted their declarations of interest (AWMF form for the declaration of interests in the context of guideline projects) to the coordinator or the Editorial Office for Guidelines of the DGN in time and completely filled out. The external evaluation of the interests in the overall view was also carried out by AWMF. MK received speaker fees from BioMerieux. As a consequence, he did not vote for recommendations on microbiological diagnostics (recommendation 5). All authors declare that they have no further competing interests.

: All contributing authors were members of the guideline committee and representatitves of the following societies: Deutsche Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie (DGHNO-KHC), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie (DGHM), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Infektiologie (DGI), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin (DGIM), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Liquordiagnopstik und klinische Neurochemie (DGLN), Deutsche Gesellschaft für NeuroIntensiv- und Notfallmedizin (DGNI), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neuroradiologie (DGNR), Deutsche interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für intensiv- und Notfallmedizin (DIVI), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Neurologie (ÖGN), Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Infektionstherapie (PEI), and Schweizerische Neurologische Gesellschaft (SNG).

: These guidelines were developed under the auspices of the German Neurological Society (<i>Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie</i>, DGN) under guidance of <i>Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften</i> (AWMF). The development of the guideline took place in a nominal group technique within several guideline conferences. Final decisions were developed and agreed using a modified Delphi technique. All recommendations were voted on in a final consensus conference. The grading of the recommendation is expressed as follows: “we (do not) recommend” = strong recommendation, “we (do not) suggest” = recommendation, “may be considered” = open recommendation. Strength of consensus is expressed as follows: strong consensus = agreement > 95% of the participants, consensus = agreement > 75–95% of the participants, majority agreement = agreement of > 50–75% of the participants and no consensus = agreement of < 50% of the participants. Date of last update: April 28th, 2023; valid until: April 27th, 2028. AWMF registry number is 030/089.