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Article History

Received: 17 October 2025

Accepted: 15 December 2025

First Online: 19 February 2026

Declarations

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: We guarantee that all procedures involving animals in this study strictly conform to the relevant institutional and governmental ethical regulations. Ethic Committee Name: Hubei Bennett Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Experimental Animal Ethics Committee. The ethical number for the experimental animals is: BNT-2024–017. Approval Date: July 14, 2024. The mice used in the GBM model experiments are SPF-grade, 6 ~ 8 weeks old, weighing 19 ~ 21 g, male BALB/c mice, with a total of 18 mice required. BALB/c mice are commonly used in GBM pharmacokinetic and biodistribution experiments, and their white fur helps reduce interference with imaging signals. Animal housing: 3 ~ 5 mice per cage. The housing environment is maintained at a temperature of 18 ~ 22℃ and relative humidity of 50 ~ 60%. Feeding: Mice are fed a complete nutritional pellet diet. Anesthesia method: Animals are anesthetized with isoflurane. The main measures for animal replacement, reduction in animal use, and reduction in animal suffering and harm include replacing large animals with small animals, reducing the number of animals used, and optimizing experimental protocols.)

: Shengnan Lu, Guangwei He, Ying Li, belongs to a company from Hefei Industrial Pharmaceutical Institute Co., Ltd, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Innovation and Advanced Pharmaceuticals, Hefei 230088, China. The authors have no potential conflicts of interest with the company.