Mustaffa, Mohd Faiz https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7785-4774
Mohd Ghazali, Nur Shareena Maisarah https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0766-3239
Khalid, Syed Haroon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9353-7752
Abdul Hamid, Khuriah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-7040
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Teknologi MARA
Article History
Received: 10 September 2025
Accepted: 8 January 2026
First Online: 16 March 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.