Marcus, Rebecca K.
Lillemoe, Heather A.
Rice, David C.
Mena, Gabriel
Bednarski, Brian K.
Speer, Barbra B.
Ramirez, Pedro T.
Lasala, Javier D.
Navai, Neema
Williams, Wendell H.
Kim, Bradford J.
Voss, Rachel K.
Gottumukkala, Vijaya N.
Aloia, Thomas A.
Article History
Received: 22 September 2018
First Online: 9 January 2019
Disclosure
: None of the authors have any conflicts of interest associated with this study.
: American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and the hospitals participating in the ACS NSQIP are the source of the data used herein. They have not verified and are not responsible for the statistical validity of the data analysis or the conclusions derived by the authors.