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Article History

Received: 12 August 2025

Accepted: 22 September 2025

First Online: 14 October 2025

Disclosures

: ACJA discloses honoraria/consultancy or advisory role with Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Genmab, Menarini Silicon Biosystems, Merck Serono-Pfizer, MSD Merck, Neracare, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Provectus, Replimune, Sanofi, Sirius Medical, SkylineDx, and 4SC. He discloses research funding from Amgen, Merck Serono–Pfizer, SkylineDx. Georgina V. Long is consultant advisor for Agenus, Amgen, Array Biopharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BioNTech, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Evaxion, Fortiva Biologics, GI Innovation, Hexal AG (Sandoz Company), Highlight Therapeutics S.L., Immunocore, Innovent Biologics USA, IOBiotech, Iovance Biotherapeutics, MSD, Novartis, PHMR Ltd, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron, Scancell, and SkylineDX B.V. RNA receives research funding from Obsidian, KSQ, Roche, Erasca, Onkure, and Regeneron. DEG has received honoraria/consultancy from BMS, MSD, and Skyline Dx. JSZ has received honoriaria/consulting fees from Delcath Systems, Merit Medical, Replimune, SkylineDX, Castle Biosciences, Philogen. He has received honoraria from Regeneron, Merck, and Menarini Silicon Biosystems as well as research funding from Delcath, Philogen, Provectus, SWOG, and NIH MTT has performed central pathology review for Merck and planned pathology review for Philogen. He has an advisory board role for Merck and Philogen and has lectured for Clinical Education Alliance. AMM has served on advisory boards for BMS, MSD, Novartis, Pierre-Fabre, Roche, and QBiotics. Piotr Rutkowski has received honoraria for lectures and advisory boards from MSD, BMS, Pierre Fabre, Novartis, Genesis Pharma, and Medison Pharma. MBF has received honoraria for advisory boards from Merck, BMS, and Replimune. PAA has/had a consultant/advisory role for Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche-Genentech, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pierre-Fabre, Sun Pharma, Immunocore, Italfarmaco, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Regeneron, Pfizer, Nouscom, Medicenna, Bio-Al Health, ValoTX, Replimmune, Bayer, Erasca, Philogen, Biontech, Anaveon, Genmab, Menarini, Incyte, and ImCheck therapeutics. He also received research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche-Genentech, Pfizer, and Regeneron. JMVM has served on advisory boards for Castle Biosciences and United Healthcare and is stock owner of Iovance Biotherapeutics and Doximity. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest.