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Article History

Received: 25 June 2025

Accepted: 13 October 2025

First Online: 30 October 2025

Disclosure

: Dr. Ricardo J. Gonzalez, Dr. C. Wayne Cruse, Dr. Jane L. Messina, Dr. Rogerio I. Neves, Dr. Michael Harrington, Dr. Michelle M. Dugan, Dr. Caitlyn Balsay-Patel, Nicholas Chin, Jacob Israeli, Kimberly R. Ward, Matthew Nichols, Stephanie Forgas, and Wenyi Fan have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose. Dr. Matthew C. Perez has received consulting fees from Guidepoint, Replimune. Dr. Amod A. Sarnaik has received consulting fees: Blueprint Oncology Concepts, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Second City Science. Grants/Contracts: Iovance Biotherapeutics, Provectus Biopharmaceuticals, Turnstone Biologics. Patents, Royalties: Moffitt Cancer Center (licensed from Iovance Biotherapeutics), Provectus Biopharmaceuticals. Speaker honoraria: Clinical Education Alliance, MJH Holdings, International workshop CAR-T, Society for the Immunotherapy of Cancer. Dr. Vernon K. Sondak serves in a consulting or advisory role for Merck/Schering Plough, Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Regeneron, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Alkermes, Ultimovacs, Genesis Drug Discovery & Development, and Sun Pharma. He has received research funding to the institution (Moffitt Cancer Center) from Neogene Therapeutics, Turnstone Bio, and Skyline Diagnostics, not related to this research. Dr. Ahmad A. Tarhini has a consulting or Advisory Role: Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Genentech/Roche, Moderna, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Regeneron, Partner Therapeutics, Clinigen Group, Eisai, Bayer, Instil Bio, and ConcertAI. Research Funding (Contracted with institution): OncoSec, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Genentech/Roche, OncoSec, Sanofi/Regeneron, Iovance, InflaRx, Acrotech Biopharma, Pfizer (Inst), Agenus, Dragonfly, Werewolf and Scholar Rock. Dr. Nikhil Khushalani owns stock in Amarin Pharma Inc., Asensus Surgical, and Bellicum Pharmaceuticals. He has participated in data and safety monitoring for AstraZeneca and Incyte Corporation. He has served as a consultant for Bristol Myers Squibb, Castle Biosciences, Genzyme, Immunocore, Instil Bio, IO Biotech, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Jounce, Merck, Mural Oncology, MyCareGorithm, Nektar, Novartis, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Replimune. He has received research funding (all to Institue) from BMS, Merck, Celgene, GSK, HUYABIO international, Replimune, Regeneron, Novartis, IDEAYA, Modulation Therapeutics. Dr. Andrew S. Brohl has received payments from Deciphera - Advisory Board, and has received research funding from Merck. Dr. Joseph Markowitz has received grants from Bankhead Coley and the NIH that are unrelated to this study. Additionally, he has industry support from Merck for a trial that is outside the scope of this submitted work. He also has a provisional patent pending with Moffitt Cancer Center that is not related to this study. Dr. Zeynep Eroglu is on Advisory boards: Pfizer, Replimune, SunPharma, Natera, Novartis, Regeneron, Incyte Research funding: Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer. Dr. Lilit Karapetyan has received Research support Iovance Biotherapeutics to Institution, Valar labs to Institution. Traveling support Immatics. Dr. Kenneth Y. Tsai has consulting agreements with Verrica Pharmaceuticals, Senhwa Biosciences, NFlection Therapeutics, Almirall, and has received research funding from Incyte Corporation and Merck. Dr. Jonathan S. Zager has received payments from Delcath Systems – Medical Advisory Board. He has consulting agreements with Philogen, Merit Medical, Castle Biosciences, and Merck. His department receives research funding from Philogen, SWOG, Delcath Systems, and Provectus. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.