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Article History

First Online: 8 December 2025

Disclosure

: Dr. Ricardo J. Gonzalez, Dr. C. Wayne Cruse, Dr. Jane L. Messina, Dr. Rogerio I. Neves, Dr. Michael Harrington, Dr. Michelle M. Dugan, Dr. Caitlyn Balsay-Patel, Nicholas Chin, Jacob Israeli, Kimberly R. Ward, Matthew Nichols, Stephanie Forgas, and Wenyi Fan have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose. Dr. Matthew C. Perez has received consulting fees from Guidepoint and Replimune. Dr. Amod A. Sarnaik has received consulting fees from Blueprint Oncology Concepts, Gerson Lehrman Group, Guidepoint, Iovance Biotherapeutics, and Second City Science; grants/contracts from Iovance Biotherapeutics, Provectus Biopharmaceuticals, and Turnstone Biologics; patents and royalties from Moffitt Cancer Center (licensed from Iovance Biotherapeutics) and Provectus Biopharmaceuticals; and speaker honoraria from Clinical Education Alliance, MJH Holdings, International workshop CAR-T, and the Society for the Immunotherapy of Cancer. Dr. Vernon K. Sondak serves in a consulting or advisory role for Merck/Schering Plough, Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Regeneron, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Alkermes, Ultimovacs, Genesis Drug Discovery & Development, and Sun Pharma and has received research funding to the institution (Moffitt Cancer Center) from Neogene Therapeutics, Turnstone Bio, and Skyline Diagnostics, not related to this research. Dr. Ahmad A. Tarhini has played a consulting or advisory role for Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Genentech/Roche, Moderna, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Regeneron, Partner Therapeutics, Clinigen Group, Eisai, Bayer, Instil Bio, and ConcertAI; has received research funding (contracted with institution) from OncoSec, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Genentech/Roche, OncoSec, Sanofi/Regeneron, Iovance, InflaRx, Acrotech Biopharma, Pfizer (Inst), Agenus, Dragonfly, Werewolf, and Scholar Rock. Dr. Nikhil Khushalani owns stock in Amarin Pharma Inc., Asensus Surgical, and Bellicum Pharmaceuticals; has participated in data and safety monitoring for AstraZeneca and Incyte Corporation; has served as a consultant for Bristol Myers Squibb, Castle Biosciences, Genzyme, Immunocore, Instil Bio, IO Biotech, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Jounce, Merck, Mural Oncology, MyCareGorithm, Nektar, Novartis, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, and Replimune; has received research funding (all to his institute) from BMS, Merck, Celgene, GSK, HUYABIO international, Replimune, Regeneron, Novartis, IDEAYA, and Modulation Therapeutics. Dr. Andrew S. Brohl has received payments from Deciphera for work on an advisory board and has received research funding from Merck. Dr. Joseph Markowitz has received grants from Bankhead Coley and the NIH that are unrelated to this study; he has received industry support from Merck for a trial that is outside the scope of this submitted work; and has a provisional patent pending with Moffitt Cancer Center that is not related to this study. Dr. Zeynep Eroglu is on advisory boards for Pfizer, Replimune, SunPharma, Natera, Novartis, Regeneron, and Incyte and has received research funding from Boehringer Ingelheim and Pfizer. Dr. Lilit Karapetyan has received research support from Iovance Biotherapeutics to the institution, from Valar labs to the institution and travel support from Immatics. Dr. Kenneth Y. Tsai has consulting agreements with Verrica Pharmaceuticals, Senhwa Biosciences, NFlection Therapeutics, and Almirall and has received research funding from Incyte Corporation and Merck. Dr. Jonathan S. Zager has received payments from Delcath Systems for work on a medical advisory board and has consulting agreements with Philogen, Merit Medical, Castle Biosciences, and Merck. His department receives research funding from Philogen, SWOG, Delcath Systems, and Provectus. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.