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Article History

Received: 19 May 2025

Accepted: 5 January 2026

First Online: 22 January 2026

Disclosure

: Shigeru Tsunoda received lecture fees outside the submitted work from Medtronic, Ethicon Inc., Intuitive Surgical, Olympus Corporation, Medicaroid Corporation, and Sysmex Corporation. Koichi Suda and Ichiro Uyama received funding outside of the submitted work from Sysmex, Co. related to the Collaborative Laboratory for Research and Development in Advanced Surgical Intelligence, Fujita Health University. Koichi Suda also received funding for research expenses from Sysmex, Co. and Medtronic, Inc., which were unrelated to the present study. Ichiro Uyama received an advisor fee outside of the submitted work from Asahi Intecc, Intuitive Surgical, and Medtronic. Ichiro Uyama also received lecture fees outside the submitted work from Medicaroid Corporation and Sysmex Corporation. Kazutaka Obama received lecture fees outside the submitted work from Medtronic, Ethicon Inc., Intuitive Surgical, Olympus Corporation, Medicaroid Corporation, and Sysmex Corporation. Hisahiro Hosogi, Shohei Matsufuji, Yukie Yoda, Susumu Shibasaki, Kenoki Ohuchida, Hiroshi Okabe, Tatsuto Nishigori, Seiichiro Kanaya and Hirokazu Noshiro declare no conflicts of interest.