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Article History

Received: 3 October 2025

Accepted: 9 January 2026

First Online: 25 February 2026

Disclosure

: Sherko Kuemmel: Advisory board: AstraZeneca, Celgene, Daiichi Sankyo, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Exact Science, Lilly Deutschland, Novartis, Pfizer, Gilead, Seagen Hologic, Stemline, PINK; speaker: F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Lilly Deutschland, Novartis Pharma, Sonoscape; IDMC and Steering Committee: F. Hoffmann-La Roche; Scientific Advisory Board speaking engagement: MSD, Novartis Pharma; Steering Committee: Novartis F. Hoffmann-La Roche; travel grants: Daiichi Sankyo, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Roche. Peter A. Fasching: Personal fees from from Merck Sharp & Dohme and institutional feed from Merck Sharp & Dohme. Personal fees from Novartis, grants from Biontech, grants and personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from Daiichi-Sankyo, personal fees from Astra Zeneca, personal fees from Eisai, personal fees from Merck Sharp & Dohme, grants from Cepheid, personal fees from Lilly, personal fees from SeaGen, personal fees from Roche, personal fees from Agendia, personal fees from Gilead, personal fees from Mylan, personal fees from Menarini, personal fees from Veracyte, personal fees from GuardantHealth, during the conduct of the study; and Translational Research in Oncology (TRIO). Peter Schmid: Consultant to or received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Puma, Roche, Eisai, and Celgene. Grant funding (to institution) from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Genentech, Novartis, Oncogenex, Roche, Medivation, and Merck. Nadia Harbeck: Consultant to or received honoraria from: AstraZeneca, Daiichi-Sankyo, Gilead, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Pfizer Pharma GmbH, Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Sandoz, Seagen Inc., Viatris, and Zuelligpharma. Business ownership: West German Study Group. Masato Takahashi: Lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Eli Lilly, MSD, and Pfizer. Michael Untch:   Honoraria for lectures, presentations from Astra Zeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Lilly, EurBio Scientific, Myriad Genetics, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi Aventis, Menarini Stemline, MSD Merck; honoraria for advisory boards from AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Lilly, MSD Merck, Myriad Genetics, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Pfizer, Gilead, Roche, Sanofi Aventis, Seagen, Menarini Stemline, BeOne Germany. Jean-Francois Boileau: Grant/contract: AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly and Company, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer Canada Inc.; consultant: AstraZeneca Canada, Eli Lilly and Company, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Merck, Pfizer Canada Inc., Novartis. Javier Cortes: Consulting/advisory fees: AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Bioasis, Biocon, BioInvent, Biontech, Boehringer Ingelheim, BridgeBio, Circle Pharma, Clovis Oncology, Daiichi Sankyo, Ellipses, ExpreS2ion Biotechnologies, Gemoab, Gilead, Hibercell, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Leuko, Lilly, Menarini, MSD, Reveal Genomics, Roche, Scorpion Therapeutics, Seattle Genetics, and Zymeworks. Honoraria: AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Gilead, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and Stemline Therapeutics. Research funding to the Institution: Ariad pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Baxalta GMBH/Servier Affaires, Bayer Healthcare, Eisai, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Guardant Health, IQVIA, MSD, Pfizer, Piqur Therapeutics, Queen Mary University of London, and Roche. Stock: Leuko (relative), MAJ3 Capital. Travel, accommodation, expenses: from AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Gilead, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and Stemline Therapeutics. Patent for HER2 as a predictor of response to dual HER2 blockade in the absence of cytotoxic therapy (Javier Cortés Castán, Alejandro Piris Giménez, Violeta Serra Elizalde. WO 2014/199294 A. Issued), and pharmaceutical combinations of a PI3K inhibitor and a microtubule destabilizing agent (Aleix Prat, Antonio Llombart, Javier Cortés.US 2019/ 0338368 A1. Licensed). Rebecca Dent: Consultant for Genentech. Travel from Genentech, MSD, and Pfizer. Other from AstraZeneca, Eisai, Eli Lilly and Company, Genentech, MSD, Novartis, and Pfizer. Joyce O’Shaughnessy: Honoraria for consulting and/or advisory boards from AbbVie Inc., Agendia, Amgen, Aptitude Health, AstraZeneca, BioNTech, Byondis, Carrick Therapeutics, Daiichi Sankyo, DAVA Oncology, Eisai, Fishawack Health, G1 Therapeutics, Genzyme, GlaxoSmithKline, Genentech, Gilead Sciences, Lilly, Loxo Oncology, Merck, Mersana Therapeutics, Novartis, Ontada, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals, Puma Biotechnology, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Sanofi, Seagen, Stemline Therapeutics, Taiho Oncology, and  Veru. Lajos Pusztai: Clinical trial funding to my institution from Merck. Personal honorarium for consulting from Merck. Consulting fees and honoraria for advisory board participation from Pfizer, Astra Zeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Stemline-Menarini, BeOne, Personalis, Natera, Agendia, Exact Sciences, Radionetics, and institutional research funding from Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Merck, Menarini-Stemline, Radionetics, Exact Sciences. Stock options in Ataraxis. Theodoros Foukakis:  Invited speaker, payment to institution: Roche, Astra Zeneca, Gilead Sciences, Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, Bristol Myers Squibb; royalties, personal: Wolters Kluwer (authorship of two chapters in UpToDate); clinical trial support to institution: AstraZeneca, Coordinating PI (research grant and study drug), Novartis; coordinating PI (research grant and study drug), Veracyte; coordinating PI (discount on the ProsignaPAM50 assay in ARIADNE clinical trial). Yeon Hee Park: Consultancy or advisory fees from AstraZeneca, Eisai, Eli Lilly Export S.A. Puerto Rico Branch, Novartis, Pfizer, and Roche. Research funding from AstraZeneca, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, and Roche. Rina Hui: Consultant for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Merck KGaA, MSD, Novartis, OncoSec Medical Incorporated, Pfizer Australia, Roche Products Pty Ltd, Seagen Inc, Takeda, and Zai Lab. Speaker honorarium from AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Janssen, MSD, and Novartis. Research support to institution from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Corvus, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Oncosec, Olema, Roche, and Seagen. Fatima Cardoso: Payment or honoraria for advisory boards or educational events from Amgen, Astellas/Medivation, AstraZeneca, Celgene, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, GE Oncology, Genentech, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Iqvia, Macrogenics, Medscape, MSD, Merus BV, Mylan, Mundipharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre-Fabre, prIME Oncology, Roche, Sanofi, Samsung, Bioepis, Seagen, Teva, and Touchime. Carsten Denkert: Consultant for Daiichi Sankyo Company and MSD. Grant/contract from Myriad Genetic Laboratories, Inc. Other business ownership: Sividon diagnostics. Patent for therapy response (patent number: EP20150702464, WO2015114146A1, and WO2010076322A1) and diagnostic tests for cancer immunotherapy (patent number: EP18209672 and WO2020109570A1). Other from Amgen, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Novartis, Pfizer, and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries. Liyi Jia, Wibur Pan, and Vassiliki Karantza: Employees of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, and stockholders in Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. Heather McArthur: Consulted for Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Immunomedics, Merck, Pfizer, Daiichi-Sankyo, Seattle Genetics, AstraZeneca, Gilead, and Crown Bioscience; Research supported by Bristol-Myers Squibb; MedImmune, LLC/AstraZeneca; BTG; and Merck.