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Article History

Received: 3 February 2026

Accepted: 4 February 2026

First Online: 28 March 2026

Disclosure

: R.S. reports grants from the National Medical Research Council (NMRC) during the conduct of the study, as well as other support from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Eisai, Bayer, Taiho, Novartis, Eli Lilly, Roche, AstraZeneca, DKSH, MSD, Paxman Coolers, Natera, Astellas, GSK, Ipsen, Pierre-Fabre, Tavotek, Sanofi, Daichii Sankyo, Beigene, CytoMed, and Auristone outside the submitted work. J.P.S is supported by the Colonel Daniel Connelly Memorial Fund, the Andrew Sabin Family Fellowship Award, the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas as a CPRIT Scholar in Cancer Research (RR180035 and RP240392), and the Appendiceal Cancer Pseudomyxoma Peritonei Research Foundation (catalyst research grant). M.C. reports honoraria for consulting within the last 36 months from: Seattle Genetics, Taiho, Regeneron, Incendia Therapeutics, Agenus, Elevate Oncology, LoxoLilly, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Beigene, Arcus, Modifi Bio, Incyte, Abbvie, Parabalis, Cybrexa, and Wren Therapeutics. A.S. reports being on the advisory board of Iterion Therapeutics, Revolution Medicine, Ipsen, Merus, Guardant, Pfizer, Regeneron/Sanofi, and Catalyst Pharmaceuticals; honorarium/travel/lodging from Cure CRC Summit, Great debates in GI oncology, Takeda, OncLive, OSCO/ASCO Direct, ACPMP, Cholangiocarcinoma Summit, Cholangiocarcinoma Foundation, ASCO Advantage, and ASCO; and research (to institution) from Hutchison MediPharma, Takeda, Merck, Verastem Oncology, Turning Point Therapeutics, Gritstone, Bolt Therapeutics, BMS, Pfizer, Astellas, Oncologie, Macogenics, Seattle Genetics, Amgen, Daiichi, Lilly, Jacobio, Astrazeneca, Jazz pharma, and Abbvie. M.B.F. has served on advisory boards for Genzyme, Bristol Meyers Squibb, Intera, and Abbott Pharmaceuticals. All other authors declare no financial or nonfinancial competing interests.