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Article History

Received: 11 February 2026

Accepted: 1 March 2026

First Online: 30 March 2026

Declarations

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: Snehal G. Patel declared the following potential conflict of interest unrelated to the submitted work: patent PCT/US2016/026717 Methods of Cancer Detection Using PARPI-FL pending, holds equity in Summit Biomedical Imaging; patent US 10,016,238 B2 Apparatus, system and method for providing laser steering and focusing for incision, excision and ablation of tissue in minimally-invasive surgery; patent PCT/US2014/073053 Systems, methods, and apparatus for multichannel imaging of fluorescent sources in real time; patent PCT/US2015/065816 Cyclic peptides with enhanced nerve-binding selectivity, nanoparticles bound with said cyclic peptides, and use of same for real-time in vivo nerve tissue imaging; and patent PCT/US2016/066969 Imaging systems and methods for tissue differentiation, e.g., for intraoperative visualization. Sue S. Yom declared the following potential conflicts of interest unrelated to the submitted work: research support from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, EMD Serono, and Johnson & Johnson; and book royalties from Springer and UpToDate. Nabil F. Saba reports funding through federal grants UG1 CA233247 and U54 CA274513 and grants from Exelixis and BMS as well as having compensated or non-compensated advisory roles with Astra Zeneca, Eisai Medical, Exelixis, Merck, Merck EMD Serono, Pfizer, Kura, Vaccinex, CUE, BionTech, GSK, TOSK, Seagen, Flamingo, Infinity , Inovio, Aveo, Medscape, Onclive, UpTodate, BMS, J&J, Surface Oncology, Urogen, Summit, Guidepoints, Astex, Imugene, Faron Pharmaceutical , Coherus, Adagene, Fulgent, Reddy Laboratories, Merus, Springer, Nanobiotix, and Taiho. Raja Seethala declared the following potential conflict of interest unrelated to the submitted work: leadership of Head and Neck Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) [NIH 5P50CA097190-17]; Core Leader Histology and Tissue Bank and Developmental Research Pilot “Stem-like populations of salivary biphasic carcinomas and tumor sphere formation” Robert Ferris declared Astra-Zeneca/MedImmune - Research Funding; Bicara Therapeutics, Inc. - Data Safety Monitoring Committee; BMS - Advisory Board; Bobcat Bio - Advisory Board; Coherus BioSciences, Inc - Advisory Board; CorriRX Therapeutics - Advisory Board; CureVac - Advisory Board; Fortvita Biologis, Inc - Independent Data Monitoring Committee; Johnson & Johnson - Advisory Board; Merck - Advisory Board, Clinical Trial; Merus NV - Data Safety; Monitoring Committee, Clinical Trial; MeiraGTx - Data Safety Monitoring Board; Mirror Biologicsm Inc - Data Safety Monitoring Board; Nanobiotix - Consultant; Novasenta - Equity, Consultant; Novotech - Consultant; Pfizer - Advisory Board; Regeneron - Advisory Board. H. Mehanna declared MSD (advisory board, speaker fees), Merck (advisory board, speaker fees), AstraZeneca (advisory board, consultancy), Johnson (advisory board, consultancy), Pfizer (advisory board), GSK (advisory board), Warwickshire head neck clinic (director), and Docspert health (chairman). All other authors declare no competing interests.

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