Scarpulla, Michael A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6084-6839
Lyons, John L.
Tuomisto, Filip
Ertekin, Elif
Funding for this research was provided by:
Solar Energy Technologies Program (DE-AC36-08GO28308)
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (Naval Research Laboratory’s Base Research Program)
European Office of Aerospace Research and Development (FA8655-23-1-7057)
Suomen Kulttuurirahasto (00231172)
Business Finland
Academy of Finland
Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-21-1-0353)
Division of Materials Research (DMR-2309037)
Article History
Received: 2 February 2026
Accepted: 20 March 2026
First Online: 18 May 2026
Conflict of interest
: On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.