Bharathan, Prabhu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2863-5425
Li, Can https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8894-5110
Groth, Brendan
Delgado, Joseph https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4867-013X
Zhao, Bo
Zhang, Lihua https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3331-2345
Fang, Jiye https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3703-3204
Funding for this research was provided by:
Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences (DMR-2347030)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0012704)
Binghamton University (Smart Energy TAE Seed Grant)
Binghamton University (ADL facility)
Brookhaven National Laboratory (Proposed Project #318683)
Article History
Received: 24 November 2025
Accepted: 12 May 2026
First Online: 8 June 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships with any third parties whose interests could be influenced, either positively or negatively, by the content of this article.