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Authors
Luo, Zhiqiang https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3445-3702
Liu, Huaxin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1012-3963
Liu, Genjin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5128-9874
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Article History
Received: 17 September 2025
Revised: 6 December 2025
Accepted: 19 January 2026
First Online: 31 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors of this article declare that they have no financial, professional or personal conflicts of interest that could have inappropriately influenced this work.
: The impact resistance of concrete was quantitatively evaluated using three parameters: impact absorption energy ( W ), impact toughness ratio ( C ), and ductility ratio ( μ ). These parameters, calculated using Eqs. ((A.1),(A.2) , (A.3)), provide a comprehensive measure of the material’s energy dissipation capacity, toughness, and deformation resistance under impact loading. where W i is the maximum impact energy absorbed by the specimen at the initial cracking ( N 1 ) and final cracking ( N 2 ), measured in joules (J); N i denotes the number of impacts, including initial cracking number ( N 1 ) and final cracking number ( N 2 ); W n represents the maximum impact energy absorbed at final cracking in the NC group; m is the mass of the steel drop weight, 4.6 kg; g is the acceleration due to gravity, taken as 9.8 m/s 2 ; h is the drop height, set at 465 mm.Calculation Examples:
