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Authors
Shu, Zhiqiang
Qi, Tianhao
Li, Tingyu
Yan, Yu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4804-5828
Duan, Danjun
Pei, Qiang
Lu, Bin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
open project special fund of Intelligent Transportation Laboratory in Shanxi Province (2024ITLOPTJ01)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52478464)
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Article History
Received: 6 December 2025
Revised: 1 March 2026
Accepted: 13 April 2026
First Online: 24 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
