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Authors
Guo, Jian https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5046-2588
Shum, Heung-Yeung https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4684-911X
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Article History
Received: 27 April 2025
Accepted: 19 August 2025
First Online: 17 November 2025
Conflict of interest
: Jian GUO is a guest editor of the Special Feature on Theories and Applications of Financial Large Models of Frontiers of Information Technology & Frontiers of Information TechnologyElectronic Engineering ( FITEE ). Heung-Yeung SHUM is an editorial board member of FITEE . They were not involved with the peer-review process of this paper. Both authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
