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Authors
Cao, Qing https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2122-1631
Pan, Yue
Zhang, Yangqianhui
Jiang, Yuning
Gong, Guofang
Yang, Huayong
Niu, Fuzhou
Han, Dong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3292-979X
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Article History
Received: 14 July 2024
Accepted: 19 October 2024
First Online: 20 May 2025
Ethics
: Conflict of interest HYY is an editor-in-chief and DH is an academic editor for Bio-Design and Manufacturing; they were not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
: Ethical approval This study used ex vivo porcine stomachs procured from a commercial supplier, and no live animal experiments were conducted. The use of these tissues was exempted from ethical review per institutional guidelines.
