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Authors
Du, Xuan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1024-3992
Li, Yuchen
Song, Jiaping
Zhang, Zilin
Zhang, Jing
Li, Yanhui
Chen, Zaozao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8922-370X
Gu, Zhongze
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Article History
Received: 16 March 2025
Accepted: 28 July 2025
First Online: 27 December 2025
Declarations
: Conflict of interest ZZG is an editorial board member for Bio-Design and Manufacturing (BDM) . ZZC is a guest editor of the Special Column on AI-Powered Biofabrication of BDM . They were not involved in the editorial review or the decision to publish this article. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: Ethical approval Patient-derived organoids were established and utilized in this study under the approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee (Approval Nos. 2022-SR-624 and 2024-206-02). All experimental procedures involving human samples were performed in compliance with relevant ethical regulations.
