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Article History

Received: 17 March 2025

Accepted: 31 August 2025

First Online: 25 May 2026

Declarations

: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: Ethical approval The study procedure using hNTSCs was conducted in compliance with the Institutional Review Board of Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital (approval number: KC08TISS0341), The Catholic University of Korea. Written informed consent (both for participation and publication) was obtained from patients before surgery. All mouse research procedures were performed in accordance with the Laboratory Animals Welfare Act, the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and the Guidelines and Policies for Rodent Experiments provided by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea (approval number: CUMS-2023-0175-02). All rabbit research procedures were performed in accordance with the Laboratory Animals Welfare Act, the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and the Guidelines and Policies for Experiments provided by the IACUC of the College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea (approval number: CUMS-2021-0015-02). The IACUC and Department of Laboratory Animal (DOLA) at The Catholic University of Korea, Songeui Campus, accredited the Korea Excellence Animal Laboratory Facility by the Korea Food and Drug Administration in 2017 and reaccredited it in 2021 and 2025. It also obtained full Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) International accreditation in 2018 and was reaccredited in 2022 and 2025.