Lu, Haiwei https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7561-1769
Wang, Rui
Li, Lavonda
Ding, Shichao
Yan, Lijie
Wang, Senlin
Wang, Chaohui
Zheng, Tengfei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3198-5642
Sun, Junying https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3130-9491
Zhang, Xingcai https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7114-1095
Article History
Received: 11 September 2025
Accepted: 11 January 2026
First Online: 25 May 2026
Declarations
: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
: Ethical approval This study did not involve human or animal subjects. MC3T3-E1 cells were obtained from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). AML12 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA; CRL-2254). No additional ethical approval was required for the use of these commercial cell lines.