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Article History

Received: 17 January 2019

Accepted: 9 October 2019

First Online: 11 December 2019

Compliance with ethical standards

:

: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: ICES is a prescribed entity under section 45 of Ontario’s Personal Health Information Protection Act. Section 45 authorizes ICES to collect personal health information, without consent, for the purpose of analysis or compiling statistical information with respect to the management of, evaluation or monitoring of, the allocation of resources to or planning for all or part of the health system. Projects conducted under section 45, by definition, do not require review by a Research Ethics Board. This project was conducted under section 45, and approved by ICES’ Privacy and Compliance Office.

: Parts of this material are based on data and/or information compiled and provided by Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI). Parts of this report are based on Ontario Registrar General (ORG) information on deaths, the original source of which is Service Ontario. We attest that we have obtained appropriate permissions and paid any required fees for use of copyright protected materials.

: The data set from this study is held securely in coded form at ICES. While data sharing agreements prohibit ICES from making the data set publicly available, access may be granted to those who meet pre-specified criteria for confidential access, available at . The full data set creation plan and underlying analytic code are available from the authors upon request, understanding that the programs may rely upon coding templates or macros that are unique to ICES and are therefore either inaccessible or may require modification.

: The funder of the study had no role in the study design; data collection, analysis, or interpretation; or writing of the report. The opinions, results, and conclusions reported in this paper are those of the authors and are independent and do not necessarily reflect those of the funding sources, CIHI, and ORG or Ministry of Government Services. No endorsement by ICES or the Ontario MOHLTC is intended or should be inferred.