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Declaration

Published On: International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)

Declaration

Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP)

Declaration

Conflicts of Interest: Based on my understanding, this article has no conflicts of interest.

Funding Support: Yes, this research was supported by the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund), 2025, through the Directorate of Research and Innovation, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University (ATBU), Bauchi, Faculty of Computing, Department of Computer Science.

Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate: This systematic review used published literature and did not involve new human-participant or animal research; ethical approval and participant consent were therefore not required.

Data Access Statement and Material Availability: No new experimental dataset was generated for this review.

Authors Contributions: The authorship of this article is contributed equally to all participating individuals.

Generative AI Tools or Chatbots: ChatGPT (OpenAI) was used during manuscript preparation for language editing, document formatting and figure drafting. The authors reviewed study eligibility decisions, verified the bibliography, and provided final scientific interpretation, and they retain full responsibility for the manuscript.