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Authors
Luo, Xin https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2239-838X
Bartlett, Megan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5371-7676
Nicholls, Michael E. R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7072-3744
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
College of Education, Psychology and Social work, Flinders University (HDR award 13694)
Flinders University
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Article History
Accepted: 11 June 2025
First Online: 10 July 2025
Declarations
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: This study received ethical approval from the human ethics review panel of Flinders University: 4645.
: Participants were provided with a consent form and information sheet through an online tick box prior to the study. Participants were informed that participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw from this study at any time without penalty. Their data were stored securely on a password-protected computer and/or Flinders University server throughout the study. Any identifiable data were de-identified for data storage purposes.
: Not applicable.
: All data are available via the Open Science Framework (). Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 were not preregistered. Experiment 3 and Experiment 4 were preregistered before data were collected (see for Experiment 3 and for Experiment 4).
: The authors have no known conflict of interest to disclose.
