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Article History

Accepted: 29 July 2025

First Online: 26 August 2025

Declarations

: The authors thank the School of New Media and Communication of Tianjin University for supporting the equipment and participants in this study.

: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin University in China.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the experiments.

: All authors have provided consent for the publication of the manuscript.

: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research and authorship of this article.