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Article History

Received: 10 July 2024

Accepted: 8 December 2025

First Online: 23 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

: Participants provided written, informed consent in accordance with the ethics review boards at York University and Baycrest and standards of the Canadian Tri-Council Research Ethics guidelines. See attached approval letters from York University and Baycrest.

: “I agree to participate in a study that is investigating face perception. I understand that my participation is entirely voluntary: I can stop and leave the experiment at any time, and this will have no bearing on any remuneration I receive, nor will it have any other undesirable consequences. The researchers do not foresee any risks to me for participating in this study, nor do they expect that I will experience any discomfort or stress.”

: “I understand that my data will be used for research purposes and to write a scientific paper about the nature of face processing.”