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Authors
McLaughlin, Drew J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4581-9031
Colvett, Jackson S.
Bugg, Julie M.
Van Engen, Kristin J.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Basque Government (BERC 2022-2025 program)
Severo Ochoa (CEX2020-001010-S)
National Science Foundation (2146993)
National Science Foundation (DGE-1745038)
HORIZON EUROPE (101103964)
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Article History
Received: 9 April 2024
Accepted: 27 November 2025
First Online: 23 February 2026
Declarations
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: The data and materials for both experiments are available from online ( ). Preregistration of Experiment 1 is available online ( ). Preregistration of Experiment 2 is available from:
: This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grant 2146993 and Graduate Research Fellowship DGE-1745038, the Basque Government through the BERC 2022-2025 program, the Spanish State Research Agency through BCBL Severo Ochoa excellence accreditation CEX2020-001010-S, and the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 101103964(PerMSAA). Thank you to Mel Mallard, Rebecca Lowen, and Abdullah Youssouf for assistance with data collection. Thank you to Hanquan Zhong, Elliot Polikowski, Ishaan Alva, and Chris Nuno for assistance with coding responses. The authors have no relevant financial or nonfinancial conflicts of interest to disclose.
