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Article History

Received: 13 October 2025

Accepted: 2 February 2026

First Online: 23 March 2026

Declarations

: We thank Liyan Yu, Yuanyuan Ju, Xin Ye, and Xiyao Sun for their support in data collection.

: The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.

: Ethics approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Soochow University.

: All participants gave informed consent in accordance with the guidelines provided by the Ethics Committee of the Soochow University.

: All participants consented to the publication of their data.

: The trial-level data and the code supporting the findings of this study are openly available in the Open Science Framework (OSF) repository ( ). None of the experiments reported in this study was preregistered.