Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 7 February 2025

First Online: 12 March 2025

Declarations

:

: We declare no conflicts of interest.

: The protocol for this study was Approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of South Florida (Pro. 00042067). All participants provided electronic informed consent prior to participation.

: Informed consent was obtained by all participants included in the study.

: Consent for publication was obtained from all participants in this study. Participants were informed that their data could be used for publication purposes and agreed to the publication of their anonymized data. No identifiable personal information will be disclosed in the publication. 

: The processed data on which these analyses were performed, the R code for lmer analyses, and the experimental sentence stimuli can be found on OSF at . We report how we determined our sample size, all data exclusions, all manipulations, and all measures in the study (Simmons et al., 2012) and we follow JARS-Quant (Appelbaum et al., 2018). Some aspects of this study, including the experimental design, target sample size, and hypotheses and planned ERP analyses were pre-registered. In our initial analysis plan, we had proposed to combine the reading comprehension and vocabulary assessment scores into a composite measure of semantic knowledge. However, after discussing this approach with other lab members, we considered that these two measures may reflect quite distinct language skills and decided to enter them as separate predictors in the final analyses. The pre-registration document can be found at .

Free to read: This content has been made available to all.