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Authors
Gilliam, Ashley https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7124-0990
Xie, Qihao
Lokhmanenko, Alena
Gutchess, Angela https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3047-5907
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Brandeis University
Appalachian State University
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Article History
Received: 6 November 2025
Accepted: 7 April 2026
First Online: 27 May 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval: The reported study was approved by the human subjects review committee at Brandeis University. This research was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as set by the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
Consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Consent to publish: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. As part of this process, participants also consented to the sharing and publishing of their deidentified data.
Conflict of interest/Competing interests: The authors have no relevant competing interests to declare.
Open practices statement: De-identified and averaged data and raw EEG data files (.bdf) are available on OSF.io ( ). Statistical analysis code in R or other research materials are available upon reasonable request. This study was preregistered using the Preregistration for Quantitative Research in Psychology (PRP-QUANT) Template and can be found on OSF.io ( ).
