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Article History

Accepted: 11 November 2024

First Online: 24 December 2024

Declarations

:

: APA ethical standards were followed in the conduct of this study, and the study was approved by Tokai Gakuin University ethics committee (approval ID: 2022–31 in Experiment and and 2023–05 in Experiment ).

: Before commencing with the experiment, all participants provided informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: Experiments and were not preregistered. The design, hypothesis, and analysis plans for Experiment were preregistered, and the data can be publicly accessed on OSF (). All data and analysis code associated with the present study have been made publicly available on OSF ().

: Kenji Ikeda, current affiliation is Otemae University, and Yuki Hamamoto, current affiliation is Yamagata University.

: The authors do not have any conflicts of interests.