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Article History

Accepted: 11 November 2024

First Online: 24 December 2024

Declarations

:

: APA ethical standards were followed in the conduct of this study, and the study was approved by Tokai Gakuin University ethics committee (approval ID: 2022–31 in Experiment and and 2023–05 in Experiment ).

: Before commencing with the experiment, all participants provided informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: Experiments and were not preregistered. The design, hypothesis, and analysis plans for Experiment were preregistered, and the data can be publicly accessed on OSF ( ). All data and analysis code associated with the present study have been made publicly available on OSF ( ).

: Kenji Ikeda, current affiliation is Otemae University, and Yuki Hamamoto, current affiliation is Yamagata University.

: The authors do not have any conflicts of interests.

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