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Article History

Accepted: 7 February 2025

First Online: 28 February 2025

Declarations

:

: All datasets for the current study are available at the Open Science Framework repository ().

: All analysis codes for the current study are available at the Open Science Framework repository ().

: The experiments reported in this article were approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee for Experimental Psychology Research at the Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University (approval number: CPE-203).

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: Consent for publication was also obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

: The datasets for all experiments are available online (). The materials for the experiments are available upon request. None of the experiments was preregistered.