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Article History

Received: 16 March 2025

Accepted: 8 August 2025

First Online: 9 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Both experiments received ethics approvals from the ethics committee (approval numbers 2224 and 2273) at the Department of Psychology, University of York.

: All participants provided informed consent for study participation before starting the study.

: No personal data are included in this article and participants cannot be identified from this article or the data shared. Participants gave consent for their data to be used for the research described in this article and for their anonymous data to be shared publicly.

: Experiment was pre-registered. The data and analysis code for both experiments are available on

: The authors report no conflicts of interest.