Document is current

Article History

Received: 17 January 2025

Accepted: 13 August 2025

First Online: 3 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. There are no conflicts of interest in the conduct and reporting of research described in this article. The research reported in this article has not been published elsewhere, posted on a listserv, or shared on a website prior to submission of the manuscript.

: The data collection for the three experiments was conducted in the line with the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association as well as the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki () and the study plan was approved by the local ethics committee (Ethikkommission of Faculty 1 at the University of Hildesheim, approval Nr. 274).

: The participants provided informed consent before participation, after being made aware that their participation was voluntary and that they could terminate it at any time without any negative consequences for themselves. Participants received either monetary remuneration or course credit as compensation upon completion of each experiment. Participants were not informed about the goal of the study, but they were debriefed as to the true purposes of the study following participation and their questions were answered.

: Not applicable.