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Article History

Received: 27 June 2024

Accepted: 19 October 2025

First Online: 28 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Both authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

: As the study did not involve deception, collected data anonymously, and posed no psychological or physical risks, it did not require approval by the internal Ethics Committee of the Psychology Department of the University of Marburg. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants could withdraw from the study at any time without any disadvantages, apart from forfeiting monetary compensation.

: After receiving general instructions, participants confirmed their understanding of the information provided. Subsequently, they were given the opportunity to provide informed consent, decline participation, or withdraw their consent at any time during the experiment without any negative consequences.

: In providing their consent to participate, participants also agreed to the anonymous publication of their data.

: Experiments and were preregistered, and the corresponding preregistration files can be found at (Experiment  ) and (Experiment  ).