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Article History

Received: 30 October 2024

Accepted: 28 November 2025

First Online: 21 January 2026

Declarations

:

: We know of no conflicts of interest associated with this publication, and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome.

: This study was conducted with the approval of the Ethics Committee of the University of New South Wales.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: Not applicable.

: These findings were presented as a talk at the 2023 Australasian Experimental Psychology Conference, Canberra, Australia. Supplementary materials and data are available at: . The authors thank Betty Wolkenstein, Anoushka Parylo, and Chloe Yao for their assistance in coding the free response data. We thank Jemma Martin for her assistance with programming and data collection in Experiment .

: None of the experiments reported were preregistered.