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Article History

Received: 29 January 2026

Accepted: 14 May 2026

First Online: 3 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors have no conflicts of interest or competing interests based on the topic/findings presented in this paper.

: This research was approved by the Texas State Institutional Review Board to ensure it complies with appropriate ethical practices in human participants research.

: All participants gave informed consent to participate in this research. Only participants who indicated their consent to have their data used for research purposes are included in the reported data and analyses.

: The authors affirm that the manuscript is an original accomplishment that has not been published elsewhere, nor is it being considered for publication elsewhere. We consent to the publication of this research.

: The data and analysis code are openly available online ( ). Only Experiment was preregistered (OSF; ).