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Article History

Accepted: 21 June 2025

First Online: 9 July 2025

Declarations

:

: Approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the Ohio State University. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication.

: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

: Experiment 1 Preregistration: No aspects of the study were preregistered. Materials: All study materials are publicly available ( ). Data: All deidentified data are publicly available ( ). Experiment 2 Preregistration: The hypotheses, design, analysis plan, and exclusion criteria for this experiment were preregistered ( ) on 2023-09-08, prior to data collection which began on 2023-09-12. Materials: All study materials are publicly available ( ). Data: All deidentified data are publicly available ( ). Experiment S1 (Supplemental Experiment 1) Preregistration: No aspects of the study were preregistered. Materials: All study materials are publicly available ( ). Data: All deidentified data are publicly available ( ). Experiment S2A (Supplemental Experiment 2A) Preregistration: The hypotheses, design, analysis plan, and exclusion criteria for this experiment were preregistered ( ) on 2023-02-25, prior to data collection which began on 2023-02-27. Materials: All study materials are publicly available ( ). Data: All deidentified data are publicly available ( ). Experiment S2B (Supplemental Experiment 2B) Preregistration: No aspects of the study were preregistered. Materials: All study materials are publicly available ( ). Data: All deidentified data are publicly available ( ).