Gu, Yuting https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9572-4305
Cutler, Seth
Xie, Xin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-5053
Kurumada, Chigusa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8624-4214
Article History
Received: 16 June 2025
Accepted: 28 October 2025
First Online: 25 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester.
: Written consent was waived for this study. Participants were provided with an information sheet and indicated their consent by pressing “AGREE TO PARTICIPATE.”
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no known conflicts of interest to disclose.
: The data, code, and materials for all experiments are available online ( ), and the experiment was preregistered. As the preregistration is a standalone OSF registration, only a nonanonymous version is available at: .