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Authors
Hautekiet, Caro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4797-4510
Vergauwe, Evie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7339-2370
Souza, Alessandra S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1057-8426
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Portugese National Science Foundation (CEECINST/00159/2018/CP1511/CT0002)
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (100014_192204)
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (PCEFP1_181141)
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Article History
Received: 8 April 2025
Accepted: 24 December 2025
First Online: 17 February 2026
Declarations
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: The experiments were approved by the ethical commission board of the University of Geneva and the University of Porto.
: All participants completed an online informed consent for participation and publication before participating.
: All participants signed an informed consent for participation and publication before participating.
: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
: This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation [Grant No. PCEFP1_181141 to Evie Vergauwe and 100014_192204 to Klaus Oberauer] and the Portugese National Science Foundation [Grant No. CEECINST/00159/2018/CP1511/CT0002 to Alessandra S. Souza]. The body of the work was done while Caro Hautekiet was at the University of Geneva (Experiment 1) and the University of Zurich (Experiment 2). Caro Hautekiet is now at the Vrije Universiteit of Amsterdam. Correspondence should be sent to Caro Hautekiet, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, the Netherlands, c.h.hautekiet@vu.nl. All materials, data, analysis scripts, and supplementary materials can be found on OSF ( ). The design, hypotheses, data exclusion, and analysis plan of each experiment was preregistered on OSF: Experiment 1: Experiment 2:
: The data, analysis scripts and materials for all experiments are available on OSF ( ). The design, hypothesis, data exclusion, and analysis plan of each experiment was preregistered on OSF prior to conducting the research:Experiment 1: Experiment 2:
