Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. National Science Foundation (1735225)
U.S. National Science Foundation (1827591)
Article History
Received: 23 April 2025
Accepted: 17 January 2026
First Online: 17 March 2026
Declarations
:
: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the University of Connecticut Institutional Review Board under protocol X22-0038.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: Not applicable; no identifying participant information is included in the manuscript.
: The data, materials, and analysis code for all experiments are available at . The experiments were not preregistered.
: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.